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Crowds (adolescence)
Crowds are large groups of adolescents defined by their shared image and reputation.〔Brown, B. (2004). Adolescents’ relationships with peers. In R. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), ‘’Handbook of adolescent psychology.’’ New York: Wiley.〕 Crowd membership is externally imposed and not a direct consequence of interaction with other members of the crowd. For adolescent friendships and social interaction in small groups, see cliques.
==Definition==
Crowds are large groups of adolescents socially connected by a shared image and reputation,〔 especially within the setting of a single school. It is possible for a single person to belong to more than one crowd if their image matches the crowds’ criteria.〔〔Mory, M. (1994, February). ‘’When people form or perceive sets, they tend to be fuzzy: The case of adolescent crowds.’’ Paper presented at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, San Diego.〕 Because membership in a crowd depends on peers’ perceptions, crowds in any given peer group will correspond to the local preconceived “types” of adolescents. Specific stereotypes vary from place to place, but many remain consistent, based on peer status, socioeconomic status, residential area, activities, social characteristics, or a combination of attributes (jocks, nerds, populars, and druggies are among the most commonly observed).〔Arnett, J. J. (2002). Adolescents in Western countries on the threshold of the 21st century. In B. Brown, R. Larson, & T. Saraswathi (Eds.), ‘’The world’s youth: Adolescence in eight regions of the globe.’’ New York: Cambridge University Press.〕〔Delsing, M. J. M. H., ter Bogt, Tom F. M., Engles, R. C. M. E., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2007). Adolescents’ peer crowd identification in the Netherlands: Structure and associations with problem behaviors. ‘’Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17,’’ 467-480.〕〔Brown, B., & Klute, C. (2002). Friendships, cliques, and crowds. In G. R. Adams & M. Berzonsky (Eds.), ‘’Blackwell Handbook on Adolescence.’’ New York: Blackwell Publishers.〕 Crowds are very different from cliques: while cliques are relatively small, close-knit groups based on frequent interaction and collectively determined membership, members of a crowd may not even know each other. Crowd membership reflects external assessments and expectations, providing a social context for identity exploration and self-definition as adolescents internalize or reject their crowd identities.
Because crowd membership is initially outwardly imposed, it is possible for an adolescent’s peers to classify them as belonging to a crowd they may not consider themselves part of.〔Brown, B., Freeman, H., Huang, B., & Mounts, N. (1992, March). ‘’ “Crowd hopping”: Incidence, correlates and consequences of change in crowd affiliation during adolescence.’’ Paper presented at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Washington, DC.〕 Members of some crowds are more aware of and comfortable with their crowd designation than others; members of stigmatized or low-status groups, in particular, may resist or deny their undesirable categorization.〔 Usually, however, adolescents embrace their crowd affiliation, using it to define themselves and advertise where they fit in their peer group’s social structure.〔Newman, B., & Newman, P. (2001). Group identity and alienation: Giving the we its due. ‘’Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30,’’ 515-538.〕〔Brown, B.B., Lohr, M. J., & Trujillo, C. M. (1990). Multiple crowds and multiple lifestyles: Adolescents’ perceptions of peer group characteristics. In R. E. Muss (ed.), ‘’Adolescent behavior and society: A book of readings’’ (pp. 30-36). New York: Random House.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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